青瓜视频

The story of how women in Victorian match factories fought against the brutal use of white phosphorus, was instrumental in shaping today青瓜视频檚 workers青瓜视频� rights, a University of Manchester dental researcher has argued.

Phossy jaw, which resulted in horrific facial injuries, was directly caused by the chemical to make 青瓜视频榮trike-anywhere青瓜视频� or 青瓜视频楲ucifer matches青瓜视频� in the late nineteenth century by companies including Bryant and May.

However, it was entirely preventable, Professor Hugh Devlin explains in a historical review published in the British Dental journal.

The first and most prominent strike of female workers at the Bryant and May match factory was in the East End of London during 1888; 1400 of them walked out against low pay and harsh working conditions.

After three weeks the 青瓜视频榤atch girls青瓜视频�-  as they became known - won a resounding victory when the company agreed that all fines and deductions would be abolished and there would be no victimisation of strikers.

Bryant and May were also fined in 1898  for failing to report 17 cases of phosphorous poisoning, despite assurances to the factory inspectors that their workforce was healthy and unaffected.

The fines and costs to Bryant and May amounted to 青瓜视频25.9s, an amount which was easily affordable to the company.

青瓜视频淏y 1899, there were alternatives to white phosphorus, though many factory owners refused to use them, 青瓜视频渟aid Professor Devlin.

青瓜视频淪afety matches were available which involved the use of the much safer red phosphorous so working conditions were needlessly atrocious.

青瓜视频淚n 1892, for instance, it was reported as common practice that wages were stopped for those who went to the hospital to obtain treatment rather than going to the Bryant and May doctor.青瓜视频�

He added: 青瓜视频淭here was no or little ventilation, and no separate eating facilities so conditions were highly unsanitary.

青瓜视频淏ut the authorities had showed little interest in improving conditions, or banning this substance until 1908 when the White Phosphorous Matches Prohibition Act came into force.

青瓜视频滱nd that was a direct result of the pressure these amazing women and other nineteenth century reformers put on the authorities through their campaigning and industrial action.

青瓜视频淭he story of how women in the match factories fought against the poor working conditions, supported by nineteenth century reformers has shaped much present-day debate.

青瓜视频淭heir story provides a more nuanced, insightful, and relevant perspective of working life in that era.

青瓜视频淭he impact of their struggles are still a beacon for today青瓜视频檚 work safety campaigners across the world.青瓜视频�

White phosphorus  was the main ingredient of 青瓜视频榮trike-anywhere青瓜视频� or Lucifer matches in the late nineteenth century.

Wooden splints were dipped into a heated mixture to create the matches and then left to dry in a heated chamber.

Workers were exposed to the phosphorous vapour or had skin contamination from handling the moist matches which could be ingested.

Though 1% of people were affected by the phossy jaw, its health impacts were extreme given the absence of available antibiotics and effective surgical treatment.

X-rays were only discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen in 1895, so they were not available for diagnosis and assessment of the condition.

Some patients died from the resultant bone infection, which usually started with a dull redness of the gum, followed by ulceration and chronic infection  and then bone loss and facial mutilation.

Images available: Women working in a match factory in London in 1871; Matchgirl strikers, several showing early symptoms of phossy jaw